Acknowledgements
List of Figures
List of Tables


CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 Aim of this Study
1.2 Cognitive Linguistic Viewpoint
1.3 Methods of this Study
1.4 Significance of Including Appear in the Analysis
1.4.1 Cognitive Division of Labor between Look and Appear
1.4.2 Historical Development of the CPV Construction
1.4.3 The Order of Look and Appear in the Same Text
1.4.4 Look and Appear in Comparative Constructions
1.4.5 The Relationship between Pragmatic Requirements and the Selection of Look or Appear
1.4.6 Why Sound, but Not Listen?
1.5 Significance of Observing Contextual Data
1.6 Overview

CHAPTER 2 Theoretical Framework
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic Framework of Cognitive Linguistics
2.2.1 Symbolic View of Grammar
2.2.2 Conceptualization
2.2.3 Usage-based Model
2.3 Construal: Core Concepts of the Present Study
2.3.1 Prominence: Profiling
2.3.2 Perspective
2.3.3 Subjectivity / Objectivity
2.3.4 Subjectification
2.4 The Notion of Construction
2.4.1 Constructions in Langacker (1987a, 2005, 2008)
2.4.2 Constructions in Goldberg (1995, 2006)
2.4.3 Constructions as Prototype Categories
2.4.4 Concept of Construction in This Study

CHAPTER 3 Properties of the Copulative Perception Verb Construction and Studies Regarding Perception Verbs
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Unique Properties of the CPV Construction
3.3 Argument Structure and Participant Roles
3.4 Form and Meaning of the CPV Construction
3.5 Previous Studies Regarding Perception Verbs
3.5.1 Rogers (1971)
3.5.1.1 Cognitive Verbs
3.5.1.2 Active Verbs
3.5.1.3 Descriptive Verbs
3.5.2 Viberg (1984)
3.5.2.1 Verbs of Perception in English
3.5.2.2 Semantic Extensions across Sensory Modalities
3.6 Summary

CHAPTER 4 Previous Studies of the CPV Construction
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Taniguchi (1997, 2005)
4.2.1 Subject Alignment in CPVs
4.2.2 Two Types of Perceptual Experience
4.2.3 Idiosyncratic Properties of the CPVs from the Viewpoint of Cognitive Grammar
4.2.4 Historical Development
4.2.5 The Origin of the Adjectival Complement
4.2.6 Extension to Uni-directional Perception Verbs by the Shift of the Profiled Relation
4.2.7 Backgrounding of Experiencer: Genericity and Subjectification
4.2.8 General Copula: Be and Seem vs. CPVs
4.2.9 Extensions from CPVs to Action Verbs
4.2.10 Problems with Taniguchi's (1997, 2005) Arguments
4.3 Honda (2005)
4.3.1 An Ecological Approach to Self Perception
4.3.2 Point of View
4.3.3 Communality of Point-of-Observation
4.3.4 The Semantics of First Person Pronouns
4.3.5 Affordance-Theoretic Approach to Middle and CPV Constructions
4.3.5.1 Middle Construction
4.3.5.2 CPV Construction
4.3.5.3 Verbs of the Middle and CPV Constructions
4.3.6 Problems with Honda's (2005) Arguments
4.4 Summary

CHAPTER 5 Unique Properties of the CPV Construction and Copulative Perception Verbs
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Unique Properties of the CPV Construction
5.3 Copular Verbs
5.3.1 Quirk et al. (1985)
5.3.2 Visser (1963)
5.3.3 Horton (1996)
5.3.3.1 Non-Copulas (Action Verb + Adjective)
5.3.3.2 Quasi Copulas
5.3.3.3 True Copulas
5.3.4 Differences between Seem/Appear and Other CPVs
5.3.4.1 Impersonal Forms and Infinitival be
5.3.4.2 Infinitives
5.3.4.3 Existential There, Hedge Expressions and Substitution
5.3.4.4 Like with the Meaning of as if
5.3.4.5 Summary of Section 5.3.4
5.4 Seem and Appear as CPVs
5.4.1 Original Meanings of Seem and Appear
5.4.1.1 Seem as a Subjective Verb
5.4.1.2 Appear as a Subjective Verb
5.4.2 Seem as a CPV
5.4.3 Appear as a CPV
5.5 Classifications of Perception Verbs in Previou...